Networks

The ledgers tracked deployments settle on, from public chains to bank-run private networks.

129 of 129 networks.

Public, permissionlessEthereumPublic smart-contract blockchain.129 deployments

Public, permissionlessSolanaPublic smart-contract blockchain designed for high throughput.78 deployments

Public, permissionlessPolygonPublic proof-of-stake EVM chain that checkpoints its state to Ethereum.46 deployments

Public, permissionlessBaseUpdated 14 OctEthereum layer 2 network built by Coinbase; its sequencer orders transactions and batches are posted to Ethereum.42 deployments · run by Coinbase

Public, permissionlessArbitrumArbitrum One, the public Ethereum layer-2 optimistic rollup built on Offchain Labs' Nitro stack: a sequencer orders transactions, which are posted to Ethereum and can be challenged by validators.35 deployments

Public, permissionlessBNB ChainEVM-compatible public blockchain associated with Binance.31 deployments

Public, permissionlessAvalancheUpdated 14 OctPublic proof-of-stake network whose Primary Network hosts the EVM C-Chain and on which projects can launch their own Avalanche L1 chains (formerly subnets).30 deployments

Public, permissionlessStellarPublic blockchain designed for payments and asset issuance.28 deployments

Public, permissionlessXRP LedgerPublic decentralised ledger used for payments and token issuance. Validators agree the order and outcome of transactions every three to five seconds; anyone can run a validator, and Ripple is one of many contributors and runs one validator on the default list.24 deployments

Public, permissionedCanton NetworkUpdated 14 OctPrivacy-enabled public network of interoperable Canton ledgers for financial institutions. Its default coordination layer, the Global Synchronizer, is run by super validators (sequencer and mediator nodes in a BFT set-up) under the Canton Foundation, a non-profit under the Linux Foundation; new validators join with a super validator's sponsorship.19 deployments

Public, permissionedTempoPayments-focused, EVM-compatible layer 1 blockchain incubated by Stripe and Paradigm, with mainnet live since March 2026. Its validators are selected partners (including MoneyGram, Stripe, Visa and Zodia Custody), with a stated path towards permissionless validation.19 deployments

Public, permissionedArcUpdated 18 OctCircle's EVM layer 1 blockchain, launched on mainnet in September 2026 by Circle's subsidiary Arc Network Services. Fees are paid in USDC; blocks are produced under proof of authority by a permissioned founding validator cohort that includes BlackRock, DTCC, Galaxy, ICE, Mastercard, MoneyGram, SBI Group, Standard Chartered, Sumitomo Corporation, Visa and Worldpay. Circle says it may move to proof of stake in 2027 and is building opt-in confidential transfers.12 deployments · run by Circle

Public, permissionlessMonadUpdated 14 OctPublic EVM-compatible layer 1 using MonadBFT consensus and parallel execution, claiming 10,000 transactions a second with 300ms blocks; its first client is built by Category Labs.12 deployments

Public, permissionlessOptimismUpdated 18 OctOP Mainnet, the original OP Stack chain and part of the Optimism Superchain; an EVM-equivalent optimistic rollup on Ethereum (chain ID 10) with fault proofs, rated Stage 1 by L2BEAT, which counted about $2bn secured in October 2026. A single centralised sequencer orders transactions; users can force inclusion through Ethereum.11 deployments

Public, permissionlessMantleUpdated 14 OctEthereum layer 2 built as a ZK validity rollup with an EVM execution layer and separate data availability (EigenDA); positioned as a network for institutional capital-market assets.10 deployments

Public, permissionlessPlumeUpdated 14 OctPublic EVM-compatible blockchain built for real-world assets; Plume's own site now leads with yield vaults holding regulated assets, offered on Ethereum, Solana and other networks.10 deployments

Private, permissionedSIX digital assets ledgerUpdated 14 OctDistributed ledger of SIX Digital Exchange (SDX), still widely called the SDX ledger, a FINMA-licensed central securities depository for digital securities, live since November 2021. In 2025 SIX folded SDX into its securities services and retired the SDX brand, running digital-asset settlement and custody from its post-trade division.10 deployments · run by SIX

Public, permissionlessAptosUpdated 18 OctPublic layer 1 blockchain built around the Move smart-contract language. Many validator nodes take turns proposing blocks, which commit once more than two-thirds of them agree; execution runs speculatively and in a pipeline so stages proceed in parallel. Mainnet launched in October 2022; developed by Aptos Labs and supported by the Aptos Foundation.9 deployments

Public, permissionlessHyperliquidUpdated 18 OctLayer 1 blockchain secured by HyperBFT consensus. It runs HyperCore, the on-chain order book behind the Hyperliquid exchange, alongside the HyperEVM (EVM chain ID 999, HYPE as gas), where ERC-20 tokens such as native USDC and USDT0 live and can move to and from HyperCore.9 deployments

Public, permissionedHederaUpdated 22 OctPublic ledger using hashgraph consensus whose consensus nodes are run by the members of the Hedera Council, a group of companies (e.g. Mondelēz, Aberdeen Investments, AP+) with term limits that also approves software updates. Anyone can use it; node operation is permissioned for now. Tokens are issued through the Hedera Token Service (ids like 0.0.456858).8 deployments · run by Hedera Council

Public, permissionlessInkUpdated 14 OctEthereum layer 2 on the OP Stack, part of the Superchain, built by Kraken as a home for DeFi.8 deployments · run by Kraken

Public, permissionlessTRONPublic smart-contract blockchain.8 deployments

Public, permissionlessPlasmaUpdated 18 OctEVM layer 1 built for stablecoin payments, with zero-fee USDT transfers; its mainnet beta and XPL token went live on 25 September 2025 with about $2bn of stablecoins deployed across more than 100 DeFi partners from day one.7 deployments

Public, permissionlessSuiPublic layer 1 blockchain.7 deployments

Public, permissionlessX LayerUpdated 18 OctOKX's Ethereum layer 2, an OP Stack chain (chain ID 196) using OKB for gas and connected to Polygon's Agglayer shared bridge; integrated with OKX's exchange and wallet. L2BEAT lists it among 'others' because few parties can challenge state; about $167m secured in October 2026, almost all stablecoins.7 deployments · run by OKX

Public, permissionlessAlgorandPublic proof-of-stake layer-1 blockchain.6 deployments

Public, permissionlessCeloUpdated 18 OctPublic EVM network launched as a layer 1 in April 2020 that migrated to an Ethereum layer 2 on the OP Stack in March 2025 (at block 31,056,500). It posts transaction data to EigenDA rather than Ethereum, so L2BEAT classes it as an optimium (Stage 0), with a centralised sequencer for now. L2BEAT counts most of the value it secures as stablecoins.6 deployments

Private, permissionedKinexysUpdated 18 OctJ.P. Morgan's permissioned blockchain platform, known as Onyx until its renaming in November 2024. It runs Kinexys Digital Payments (formerly the JPM Coin System, blockchain deposit accounts) and Kinexys Digital Assets (tokenised assets), so that tokenised assets and deposit-account cash can settle together; J.P. Morgan reports more than $1.5 trillion notional processed since inception and over $2bn a day on average.6 deployments · run by J.P. Morgan

Public, permissionlessSeiPublic EVM-compatible layer 1 blockchain.6 deployments

Private, permissionedSWIATPermissioned DLT network for securities built by DekaBank-founded fintech SWIAT; since July 2026 it is governed as Regulated Layer One (RL1) by a Luxembourg cooperative of financial institutions, with SWIAT remaining technology provider.6 deployments · run by SWIAT

Private, permissionedHQLAX ledgerHQLAX's Corda-based Digital Collateral Registry; HQLAX plans to move to the Canton Network.5 deployments · run by HQLAx

Public, permissionlessRobinhood ChainRobinhood's Arbitrum-based layer-2 network settling to Ethereum; public mainnet from 1 July 2026.5 deployments · run by Robinhood

Private, permissionedDL3SBanque de France's in-house distributed ledger, developed since 2020 and operated by the bank, for settling wholesale transactions in tokenised central bank money in the Eurosystem trials; the underlying ledger software is not named.4 deployments · run by Banque de France

Private, permissionedDTCC private network (Besu)DTCC's private network built on LF Decentralized Trust's Besu client.4 deployments · run by DTCC

Public, permissionlessGnosis ChainNewEVM chain that began in October 2018 as the xDai payments sidechain, renamed Gnosis Chain after the STAKE/GNO merger vote in December 2021; since its December 2022 merge it runs proof-of-stake consensus on the Gnosis Beacon Chain, with xDai as the fee token and GNO for staking.4 deployments

Private, permissionedHSBC Orion ledgerThe ledger behind HSBC Orion, HSBC's proprietary in-house tokenisation platform for digitally native bonds; the underlying ledger technology is not named in the cited sources.4 deployments · run by HSBC

Public, permissionlessKaiaPublic layer 1 blockchain formed from the merger of Klaytn and Finschia.4 deployments

Public, permissionedLiquid NetworkNewFederated Bitcoin sidechain launched by Blockstream in 2018. Anyone can hold and send assets on it, but blocks are produced by a federation of member firms (exchanges, brokers and other financial firms) rather than open mining. Its L-BTC is pegged two-way to bitcoin, and it supports issued assets such as stablecoins and security tokens with transfer restrictions.4 deployments · run by Liquid Federation

Public, permissionlessMorphNewEthereum layer 2 combining optimistic and zero-knowledge rollup techniques, launched on mainnet in October 2024 with Bitget as an original investor; it now presents itself as a stablecoin payments chain for online businesses.4 deployments

Public, permissionlessProvenance BlockchainLayer 1 proof-of-stake blockchain built with the Cosmos SDK, aimed at financial services and real-world asset tokenisation.4 deployments

Public, permissionedRedbelly NetworkNewA public-permissioned blockchain aimed at real-world asset tokenisation. The RBA issued pilot wholesale CBDC onto it in Project Acacia.4 deployments

Public, permissionlessTONThe Open Network, a public layer 1 blockchain integrated with Telegram.4 deployments

Public, permissionlessZKsyncNetwork of Ethereum-secured ZK rollup chains developed by Matter Labs.4 deployments

Public, permissionlessCronosEVM blockchain associated with Crypto.com.3 deployments

Private, permissionedD7Clearstream's digital post-trade platform; most issuance is held in a central digital register, with a DLT component added for ledger-based issuance.3 deployments · run by Clearstream

Public, permissionlessFantom OperaPublic EVM layer 1 blockchain, predecessor of Sonic.3 deployments

Private, permissionedFnality Payment SystemFnality's DLT-based wholesale payment system settling in central bank money; the sterling system is live in the UK.3 deployments · run by Fnality

Private, permissionedGS DAPGoldman Sachs's Digital Asset Platform, a private permissioned blockchain platform that uses technology from Digital Asset.3 deployments · run by Goldman Sachs

Private, permissionedHSBC tokenised deposit ledgerHSBC's blockchain-based ledger for its Tokenised Deposit Service; the underlying technology is not named in the cited sources.3 deployments · run by HSBC

Public, permissionlessLineaNewEthereum layer 2 zkEVM rollup developed by Consensys; its mainnet alpha opened in July 2023 and it is now run on the open-source Lineth stack.3 deployments

Public, permissionlessNobleCosmos-based chain for native asset issuance.3 deployments

Public, permissionedStableNewPayments-focused, EVM-compatible layer 1 (StableChain) backed by Bitfinex, on which Tether's USDT0 is both the gas token and the main settlement asset; the STABLE token secures it through delegated proof of stake and governance. Mainnet since December 2025.3 deployments

Public, permissionlessUnichainNewDeFi-focused Ethereum layer 2 built by Uniswap Labs on the OP Stack (part of the Superchain), operating as a Stage 1 rollup with permissionless fault proofs.3 deployments · run by Uniswap Labs

Public, permissionlessBerachainNewEVM-identical layer 1 secured by Proof of Liquidity, a consensus and incentive system run through its BeaconKit framework; BERA pays gas.2 deployments

Private, permissionedBroadridge DLR ledgerThe distributed ledger behind Broadridge's repo platform; it first ran Daml contracts on VMware Blockchain and moved to the Canton Network in 2023.2 deployments · run by Broadridge

Public, permissionlessConflux eSpaceNewFully EVM-compatible space of the Conflux network, running alongside the original Core Space on the same ledger; introduced with the Hydra hard fork in 2022.2 deployments

Private, permissionedEuroclear D-FMIEuroclear's distributed ledger platform for issuing and settling digitally native international securities; reported to be built on R3's Corda.2 deployments · run by Euroclear

Private, permissionedEurosystem DLT platform (Pontes)The Eurosystem's DLT platform on which Pontes cash tokens representing central bank money are held.2 deployments · run by European Central Bank

Public, permissionlessFlowPublic layer 1 blockchain for consumer applications.2 deployments

Public, permissionlessKavaCosmos-based layer 1 blockchain with an EVM.2 deployments

Private, permissionedmBridge LedgerEVM-compatible blockchain on which participating central banks run validating nodes and issue CBDC for cross-border payments; the BIS handed it to the partner central banks in October 2024.2 deployments · run by mBridge participating central banks

Public, permissionlessNEAR ProtocolPublic sharded layer 1 blockchain.2 deployments

Public, permissionlessSonicEVM layer 1 blockchain, successor to Fantom.2 deployments

Public, permissionlessStarknetValidity-rollup layer-2 network on Ethereum.2 deployments

Public, permissionlessTezosNewOpen-source proof-of-stake public blockchain whose block producers ('bakers') stake XTZ, with holders able to delegate to them; it upgrades its own protocol by on-chain voting, without hard forks. Smart Rollups (including Etherlink) run as layer 2s on it. Genesis block 30 June 2018.2 deployments

Public, permissionlessWorld ChainNewEthereum layer 2 on the OP Stack (part of the Superchain) launched by the World (formerly Worldcoin) project, giving verified humans priority blockspace and a free gas allowance.2 deployments

Public, permissionlessXDC NetworkEVM layer 1 blockchain aimed at trade finance.2 deployments

Public, permissionlessADI ChainNewEthereum layer 2 zk rollup built on ZKsync's ZK Stack with the Airbender prover, developed by the Abu Dhabi ADI Foundation for regulated stablecoins and real-world assets in the Middle East, Africa and Asia; the ADI token pays gas. Chain ID 36900. L2BEAT rated it Stage 0 with about $12m secured in October 2026.1 deployment · run by ADI Foundation

Private, permissionedAllfunds BlockchainNewPrivate blockchain run by Allfunds Blockchain for fund distribution operations and tokenised fund shares; BNP Paribas Asset Management issued natively tokenised money market fund shares on it in 2025.1 deployment · run by Allfunds Blockchain

Private, permissionedAnt International Whale ledgerAnt International's proprietary blockchain for treasury and settlement flows, developed since 2019.1 deployment · run by Ant International

Private, permissionedAP+ HashSphereNewA private ledger instance based on Hedera's HashSphere technology, run by Australian Payments Plus. The RBA issued pilot wholesale CBDC onto it in Project Acacia.1 deployment · run by Australian Payments Plus

Private, permissionedAxiology DLT TSS ledgerNewPermissioned XRP Ledger-based ledger behind Axiology's DLT trading and settlement system (DLT TSS) in Vilnius, authorised in July 2025 by the Bank of Lithuania under the EU DLT Pilot Regime. Tokenised bonds are issued, traded and settled on it, with regulated e-money tokens as the cash leg; it is one of the four DLT platforms registered for the Eurosystem's Pontes link to central bank money.1 deployment · run by Axiology

Private, permissionedBank Indonesia Project Garuda PoC ledger (Kaleido Hyperledger Besu)NewPermissioned Hyperledger Besu network, provided through Kaleido, that Bank Indonesia built for the immediate-stage proof of concept of a wholesale digital rupiah cash ledger (July 2023 to August 2024). One of two platforms tested; not a production system.1 deployment · run by Bank Indonesia

Private, permissionedBank Indonesia Project Garuda PoC ledger (R3 Corda)NewPermissioned R3 Corda Enterprise network Bank Indonesia built for the immediate-stage proof of concept of a wholesale digital rupiah cash ledger (July 2023 to August 2024), with nodes for Bank Indonesia and participant clusters on AWS. One of two platforms tested; not a production system.1 deployment · run by Bank Indonesia

Central bank RTGS systemBank of England RTGS (RT2)NewThe Bank of England's real-time gross settlement service, which holds sterling reserve and settlement accounts and settles payments in central bank money; its renewed core ledger, RT2, went live on 28 April 2025. The Bank is building a synchronisation capability for RT2 so that payments in central bank money can settle together with transfers on external asset ledgers. Not a distributed ledger: it is listed so that synchronisation links to tokenised asset platforms can be shown.1 deployment · run by Bank of England

Public, permissionlessBitcoinUpdated 15 OctThe first public blockchain, running since January 2009 on proof-of-work mining. It has no operator or owner; open-source software is maintained by volunteer developers, and changes take effect only if node operators choose to run them. Tokens on Bitcoin are issued through overlay protocols rather than smart contracts (Omni Layer from 2014; Taproot Assets and RGB more recently). Tether's USDT began on Bitcoin via Omni in 2014, but most tokenised assets now live on other networks; Bitcoin is shown as the reference point for public ledgers.1 deployment

Private, permissionedBNY private permissioned blockchainNewBNY's own private, permissioned blockchain within its Digital Assets platform, on which it mirrors client deposit balances as tokenised deposits. BNY has not named the underlying technology.1 deployment · run by BNY

Private, permissionedBond-i ledgerPrivate Ethereum-based blockchain built by Commonwealth Bank of Australia's Blockchain Centre of Excellence for the bond-i platform.1 deployment · run by Commonwealth Bank of Australia

Public, permissionedCamino NetworkNewPublic, permissioned EVM layer 1 for the travel industry, validated by a consortium of travel firms that each bond 100,000 CAM; mainnet launched in May 2023, initiated by Chain4Travel.1 deployment

Private, permissionedCanvas ConnectNewA permissioned, EVM-compatible layer-2 blockchain built by Canvas for tokenised finance. Used for Project Acacia pilots settling tokenised government bond and private credit fund transactions in pilot wholesale CBDC.1 deployment · run by Canvas

Private, permissionedCiti Token Services ledgerCiti's private, permissioned blockchain for tokenised deposits.1 deployment · run by Citi

Public, permissionlessCreditcoinNewEVM-compatible layer 1 aimed at credit and real-world-asset use, with nominated proof of stake and 'universal smart contracts' that read events on other chains; the EVM mainnet replaced the earlier Substrate network (now CC Enterprise) in August 2024.1 deployment

Private, permissionedCSD Prague DLT registerCSD Prague's DLT-based securities settlement system under the EU DLT Pilot Regime, built on R3's Corda; financial firms can run nodes.1 deployment · run by Central Securities Depository Prague

Private, permissionedDBS Token Services ledgerDBS's EVM-compatible permissioned blockchain behind DBS Token Services.1 deployment · run by DBS

Private, permissionedDCJPY ledgerPermissioned ledger of the DCJPY network: banks mint tokenised deposits in a financial zone and businesses transact in synchronised business zones.1 deployment · run by DeCurret DCP

Private, permissionedDrex pilot network (Hyperledger Besu)NewPrivate permissioned Hyperledger Besu network built by Banco Central do Brasil for the Drex pilot. In phase 1 it had 26 nodes: ten run by the central bank (six of them validators) and one at each of the sixteen participating institutions or consortia, connected over Brazil's financial system network. Only fictitious clients and assets were used. The central bank began onboarding participants in July 2023 and closed phase 1 in October 2024.1 deployment · run by Banco Central do Brasil

Private, permissionedeNaira network (Hyperledger Fabric)NewThe Central Bank of Nigeria's permissioned network for the eNaira retail CBDC, built on Hyperledger Fabric. Under the CBN's design, the central bank manages the wallets, while financial institutions and other regulated firms run nodes that process and confirm transactions and distribute eNaira to users.1 deployment · run by Central Bank of Nigeria

Private, permissionedEnsembleTX infrastructureThe HKMA's EnsembleTX settlement infrastructure for tokenised deposits; the cited sources do not describe the underlying ledger.1 deployment · run by Hong Kong Monetary Authority

Private, permissionedEquiLend 1Source ledgerEquiLend's Daml/Canton ledger for securities lending trade records.1 deployment · run by EquiLend

Public, permissionlessEtherlinkNewEVM-compatible layer 2 for Tezos built on Tezos Smart Rollup technology (chain ID 42793, XTZ as gas); it works with Ethereum and Tezos tools and moves assets to and from Tezos layer 1. Mainnet genesis was 2 May 2024.1 deployment

Public, permissionlessFlareNewEVM layer 1 with enshrined data protocols (including the FTSO price oracle); it launched in observation mode with validators controlled by the Flare Foundation, with validation then moving to its data providers.1 deployment

Private, permissionedGBTD ledgerShared industry platform developed by Quant on which UK banks issue and settle tokenised sterling deposits in the UK Finance-led GBTD project; the underlying ledger is not named.1 deployment

Private, permissionedGoogle Cloud Universal LedgerGoogle Cloud's private, permissioned layer 1 ledger for payments and tokenisation, with Python-based smart contracts.1 deployment · run by Google

Private, permissionedibet for Fin networkConsortium blockchain run since April 2021 for Japanese security tokens; jointly operated by 18 Japanese financial institutions as of April 2024, with BOOSTRY leading operations.1 deployment · run by BOOSTRY

Public, permissionlessImmutable zkEVMNewGaming-focused EVM chain from Immutable, anchored to Ethereum and built with Polygon's zkEVM technology (now branded Immutable Chain); mainnet opened in early access in January 2024.1 deployment

Public, permissionlessInjectiveNewInteroperable layer 1 blockchain built for financial applications; its canonical mainnet launched in November 2021, and a native EVM layer was added in 2025.1 deployment

Public, permissionlessIOTANewMove-based smart contract layer 1; the IOTA Rebased mainnet replaced the earlier Stardust network on 5 May 2025, launched by the IOTA Foundation with an initial set of 13 validators and delegated staking.1 deployment

Public, permissionlessKatanaNewDeFi-focused chain incubated by Polygon Labs and GSR, built with Agglayer's CDK OP Stack and using Agglayer as its bridge, with Conduit running sequencing; a private mainnet went live in May 2025 before open access.1 deployment

Private, permissionedKDPW Blockchain Platform for the Capital MarketNewThe Polish central securities depository KDPW's permissioned blockchain network, which hosts its eVoting service and the CSDonDLT layer; participants can join by running their own node. KDPW says the platform is built on Hyperledger Fabric, while 7bulls, which built the CSDonDLT layer, describes a private EVM network on Hyperledger Besu with six validator nodes (an open question for the editor).1 deployment · run by KDPW (Krajowy Depozyt Papierów Wartościowych)

Private, permissionedLSEG DiSH ledgerLedger of LSEG's Digital Settlement House recording members' ownership of commercial bank deposits (DiSH Cash); the proof of concept used the Canton Network with Digital Asset.1 deployment · run by London Stock Exchange Group

Private, permissionedLSEG DMI ledgerThe distributed ledger underlying LSEG's Digital Markets Infrastructure, run on Microsoft Azure. The ledger technology is not named in cited sources.1 deployment · run by London Stock Exchange Group

Public, permissionlessMANTRAPublic layer 1 blockchain focused on real-world assets.1 deployment

Private, permissionedMastercard Multi-Token NetworkMastercard's private blockchain behind the Multi-Token Network.1 deployment · run by Mastercard

Public, permissionlessMegaETHNewHigh-performance Ethereum layer 2 aiming at real-time processing with very short (about 10 ms) mini-blocks; public mainnet opened in February 2026.1 deployment

Public, permissionedMidnightNewPrivacy-focused public blockchain using zero-knowledge proofs for selective disclosure, with the NIGHT token generating the DUST resource that pays for transactions. Mainnet launched in March 2026 with a federated set of node operators (including Google Cloud, Blockdaemon, MoneyGram, Worldpay, eToro and Bullish), which the Midnight Foundation plans to open to wider block production.1 deployment

Public, permissionlessNeo XNewEVM-compatible network linked to Neo N3 through a native bridge, using Neo's dBFT consensus and GAS as its fee currency; mainnet live since July 2024.1 deployment

Private, permissionedNorges Bank CBDC sandbox ledger (Hyperledger Besu)NewEVM ledger in Norges Bank's isolated CBDC test environment, built on Hyperledger Besu. It ran the retail CBDC test and received wrapped wholesale CBDC over a bridge from the Fabric core ledger, for example to buy test zero-coupon bond tokens. Not connected to production systems.1 deployment · run by Norges Bank

Private, permissionedNorges Bank CBDC sandbox ledger (Hyperledger Fabric)NewCore ledger of Norges Bank's isolated CBDC test environment, built on Hyperledger Fabric: it held the wholesale CBDC contract and was linked by a bridge to a second, Besu-based sandbox ledger. Not connected to production systems.1 deployment · run by Norges Bank

Private, permissionedPartior networkPartior's permissioned blockchain for multi-currency clearing and settlement, built on the Ethereum-based ConsenSys Quorum.1 deployment · run by Partior

Public, permissionlessPharosNewParallel-execution layer 1 aimed at real-world assets and regulated on-chain finance ('RealFi'); its Pacific Ocean mainnet launched in April 2026 with its PROS token.1 deployment

Public, permissionedPoCR NetworkSemi-permissioned blockchain using the Proof of Climate awaReness validation protocol, launched by SEB and Crédit Agricole CIB for the so|bond digital bond platform.1 deployment

Public, permissionlessPolkadot Asset HubNewPolkadot system parachain (formerly Statemint) for issuing, managing and transferring assets across the Polkadot ecosystem; native USDC is issued there.1 deployment

Private, permissionedProgmat Avalanche L1Dedicated EVM-compatible Avalanche L1 that has held Progmat's security tokens since July 2026; validators are not disclosed. Sources disagree on whether it is public: The Block calls it a public Avalanche L1, while Ledger Insights says it is not on Avalanche's public mainnet and its validators can be permissioned. It is classed here as private-permissioned, the weaker reading, until Progmat or Avalanche says who runs the validators.1 deployment · run by Progmat

Private, permissionedProgmat Corda ledgerProgmat's original permissioned ledger, based on Corda 5, used for its security tokens until they moved to an Avalanche L1 in July 2026.1 deployment · run by Progmat

Private, permissionedProject Agorá platformShared programmable ledger used in Project Agorá's prototype and real-value testing, convened by the BIS and IIF; the real-value test environment was run by Kaleido as technology provider with SIX as operational facilitator.1 deployment · run by Bank for International Settlements

Private, permissionedProject Hangang ledgerBank of Korea-run blockchain on which a wholesale CBDC settles between banks and commercial banks issue won deposit tokens for Project Hangang.1 deployment · run by Bank of Korea

Private, permissionedProject Khokha 2 Khokha Hub (BitFair)NewDecentralised token trading platform built for Project Khokha 2 on BitFair, a Cosmos implementation, combining a securities depository, settlement and payment functions for SARB debenture tokens and the wToken settlement token. Envisaged as run by a consortium of market participants under a Khokha Council that votes on new modules; proof of concept only, 2021-22.1 deployment

Private, permissionedRiksbank e-krona pilot network (R3 Corda)NewIsolated test network for the Riksbank's e-krona pilot, built on R3's Corda platform: only the Riksbank could create and destroy e-krona tokens, and approved participants such as banks ran their own nodes to distribute them. The pilot ended in 2023.1 deployment · run by Sveriges Riksbank

Public, permissionlessRoninNewPublic blockchain created by Sky Mavis (maker of Axie Infinity) for games and consumer crypto apps. Mainnet launched in February 2021; its documentation says it returned to Ethereum as a layer 2 in 2026.1 deployment

Public, permissionlessRootstockNewOpen-source, EVM-compatible Bitcoin sidechain secured through merged mining with Bitcoin, live since 2018; rBTC is pegged one to one to bitcoin.1 deployment

Private, permissionedSand Dollar ledgerNewThe Central Bank of The Bahamas' ledger for the Sand Dollar retail CBDC: a private, permissioned distributed ledger designed by NZIA (now Movmint), on which the Central Bank keeps the record of all individual holdings while licensed financial institutions provide the wallets. A Kansas City Fed briefing says transactions are validated by a proof-of-work protocol.1 deployment · run by Central Bank of The Bahamas

Private, permissionedSARB Project Khokha 2 wCBDC Zone (R3 Corda)NewTest ledger on R3 Corda in which the South African Reserve Bank issued and managed wholesale CBDC tokens for Project Khokha 2, bridged to the Khokha Hub for buying debenture tokens. Owned, governed and operated centrally by the SARB. Proof of concept only, 2021-22.1 deployment · run by South African Reserve Bank

Public, permissionlessScrollNewEVM-equivalent zkEVM layer 2 on Ethereum; its mainnet went live in October 2023.1 deployment

Private, permissionedSGD Testnet ledgerMAS's shared ledger for Singapore dollar wholesale CBDC settlement.1 deployment · run by Monetary Authority of Singapore

Central bank RTGS systemSIC (Swiss Interbank Clearing)NewSwitzerland's central payment system, settling Swiss franc large-value and retail payments in central bank money. It is run by SIX Interbank Clearing Ltd, a SIX subsidiary, on behalf of the Swiss National Bank, and has operated since 10 June 1987. Not a distributed ledger: it is listed so that links from DLT platforms to Swiss franc central bank money (the SNB's SIC–BX Digital link) can be shown.1 deployment · run by SIX

Private, permissionedSwift shared ledgerSwift-operated permissioned blockchain ledger that orchestrates tokenised deposit payment obligations between banks.1 deployment · run by Swift

Public, permissionlessXahauNewLayer 1 built on a modified XRP Ledger codebase that adds Hooks (account-level smart contract logic), secured by its XAH token and a validator governance game; live since October 2023.1 deployment

Public, permissionedXRPL EVM SidechainNewEthereum-compatible layer 1 sidechain to the XRP Ledger, built on the Cosmos SDK with XRP as its gas token and developed with Peersyst and Ripple. Consensus is proof of authority: new validators join only when a majority of existing validators approve them. Bridged to the XRP Ledger through Axelar; Wormhole also connects it.1 deployment

Public, permissionlessZilliqaNewPublic layer-1 blockchain; its project now describes itself as building a permissioning check that runs before settlement on any chain.1 deployment