Use cases / Payments

Cross-border payments

Moving money between jurisdictions or currencies over a ledger rather than through correspondent banking chains.

Announced 3Proof of concept 3Pilot 11Live (limited) 24Live (scaled) 10

Why tokenise?

Draft analysis · not yet reviewed by the editor · updated 12 Oct 2026. The flows below are simplified for general understanding. Real implementations vary a great deal and are often far more complex.

Sending money abroad today means passing it along a chain of banks, each checking it and updating its own books during its own office hours. Putting tokenised money on a shared ledger lets the payment, the currency exchange and the record-keeping happen in one step, at any hour, in seconds rather than days.

Improves an existing process Cross-border payments already work; tokenisation makes them faster, open at all hours and easier to track. There are three main routes. Bank tokenised deposits are ordinary bank balances recorded on a ledger (J.P. Morgan, Citi, HSBC, Partior). Stablecoins are tokens backed by cash and government bonds and issued by firms such as Circle or Ripple, mostly on public blockchains. Wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) is central bank money for use between banks (mBridge, and Project Agorá, which pairs it with bank deposits). Today most live volume runs inside a single bank's network or through stablecoin payment firms, not across the whole banking system.

The problem today

  • A payment abroad moves as a series of account updates at several correspondent banks, so sending the message, checking it and settling it are separate steps, with no single settlement asset along the chain.[1]
  • Each bank runs on its own hours, holidays and systems, so a payment can sit waiting for the next bank to open. That adds delay and settlement risk, and lets errors go unnoticed for longer. Sanctions screening also throws up many false alarms.[1]
  • The G20 has set targets for 2027 that show how far today's system falls short. They call for most payments to arrive within an hour and for retail payments to cost no more than 1% on average.G20 targets for end-2027: 75% of wholesale and retail cross-border payments credited within one hour, the rest within one business day; retail cost no more than 1% on average and 3% in any corridor; remittances no more than 3% by 2030[2]
  • The Financial Stability Board says the 2027 targets are unlikely to be met. Wholesale payments have got faster, but the cost of payments and remittances stays high.[3]
  • Sending small sums home is still expensive, and banks are the most expensive providers.Average cost of sending $200 was 6.62% in Q3 2024, against a 3% goal; banks averaged 13.64% (World Bank)[4]
  • Firms keep cash sitting in accounts in each country (pre-funding) so that local payouts can be made on time, which ties up money that could be used elsewhere.[5]
  • The market is very large, so small improvements add up. Stablecoins are still a tiny share of it.About $200 trillion of cross-border payments in 2024; stablecoins under 0.2% of cross-border flows in 2025 (FSB official's estimate)[6]

Today vs tokenised (simplified)

End to end: hours to two days seconds to minutes

Todayend to end: hours to two days
  1. Sender's bankChecks the payment against sanctions and money-laundering rules and sends a payment messageminutes to hours
  2. Sender's bankHolds the payment if it misses the cut-off time or the next country is on holidayup to next business day removed
  3. Correspondent banksEach bank in the chain debits and credits accounts it keeps pre-funded with the others, and screens the payment againhours per bank removed
  4. A bank in the chainConverts the currency, usually as a separate step with its own price and settlementhours to two days
  5. Recipient's bankScreens the payment once more and credits the recipienthours
  6. All banksReconcile their records and chase missing details or failed paymentsdays removed
  7. Company treasuryKeeps cash buffers in each country and has little view of where a payment isongoing removed
Tokenisedend to end: seconds to minutes
  1. SenderInstructs a payment at any hour from a tokenised deposit or stablecoin balanceseconds
  2. Sender's bank or payment firmRuns compliance checks before the payment is submittedminutes
  3. Shared ledgerConverts the currency and moves both sides of the payment together, or not at allseconds
  4. Shared ledgerUpdates every account in one step, so all parties see the same recordseconds to about a minute
  5. Recipient's bank or payment firmCredits the recipient, or pays out into a local account if the recipient does not hold tokensseconds to minutes

Benefits · 8, of which 5 evidenced

Faster cross-border payments[1]

Payments between accounts on the same network arrive in seconds instead of days. This works today within one bank's network (J.P. Morgan, Citi, HSBC) or among banks on a shared network such as Partior. Across the whole banking system it needs many banks and currencies on connected ledgers.

EvidencedMeaningfulAvailable now

Average settlement about 80 seconds across 30 real-value payments in six currencies (BIS Project Agorá, July 2026) Operator-reported[7]

Needs counterparties on the ledgerNeeds cash on the ledgerNeeds connected ledgers

  • Kinexys Digital Payments (blockchain deposit accounts): J.P. Morgan reports that Siemens has completed near-instant cross-border payments that convert US dollars to euros on its Kinexys blockchain deposit accounts, and that B2C2 has also settled USD to EUR on-chain. No settlement times or volumes for these flows are published; the speed claim is the bank's own.[8]
  • Partior cross-border clearing and settlement: After a live US dollar transaction settled through J.P. Morgan, Emirates NBD began offering real-time cross-border dollar payments over Partior to its corporate and institutional clients, the first bank in the region to do so. Partior cites faster settlement and better transparency; it gives no timings or volumes.[9]
Around-the-clock operation[10]

Companies can move money between countries in the evening, at weekends and on public holidays, instead of waiting for banks to reopen. This is the most visible gain clients report today.

EvidencedMeaningfulAvailable now

Kinexys handles about $7 billion a day on average across all its payments, not only cross-border Operator-reported[11]

Needs cash on the ledgerNeeds counterparties on the ledger

  • Citi Token Services for Cash: Citi says clients of its tokenised deposit service can move funds near instantly between its locations in seven markets without being limited by cut-off times or holiday calendars, and that the service processes billions of dollars. Japan (US dollars) and the UAE (dollars and euros) were added in September 2026. No exact volume is given.[10]
  • HSBC Tokenised Deposit Service: HSBC says eligible corporate and institutional clients can move funds 24/7, at home and across borders, including from treasury centres to subsidiaries, with settlement on its ledger and better real-time sight of cash positions. The service covers the US, UK, Hong Kong, Singapore and Luxembourg in five currencies at the time of the release. No volumes or client numbers are given.[12]
  • Kinexys Digital Payments (blockchain deposit accounts): BMW moved money from euros in Frankfurt to dollars in New York between its own Kinexys accounts outside traditional settlement windows and without manual intervention; J.P. Morgan describes the FX settlement as running 24/7/365. No timings or amounts were disclosed.[13]
  • Visa stablecoin settlement for issuers and acquirers: Cross River Bank and Lead Bank began settling what they owe to, or are owed by, Visa in USDC over Solana in December 2025. Visa says this gives issuers and acquirers access to settlement seven days a week, including weekends and holidays, instead of the traditional five-business-day window. Visa still calls it a pilot for selected US partners.[14]
Fewer intermediaries[15]

On stablecoin networks the sending and receiving firms can settle with each other directly, without a chain of correspondent banks. On shared bank platforms the chain shrinks to one integrated step.

EvidencedMeaningfulAvailable now

Needs counterparties on the ledger

  • Circle Payments Network (CPN): On Circle's payments network a sending payment firm pays the receiving firm directly in USDC on a public blockchain, and the receiver pays out in local currency, for example via PIX in Brazil or SPEI in Mexico. Circle says it coordinates the payment but does not hold funds, so no correspondent bank chain sits between the two institutions. No fee or speed figures are given.[15]
Capital and liquidity efficiency[5]

If money can be moved to a country the moment it is needed, firms can keep less cash pre-funded in accounts abroad. Evidence so far is a single customer statement; the gain grows as more counterparties accept tokenised money.

EvidencedMeaningfulAs networks grow

Needs counterparties on the ledgerNeeds cash on the ledgerNeeds regulatory change

  • Ripple Payments cross-border settlement: In Ripple's March 2026 release, payments firm Corpay says it uses the RLUSD stablecoin through Ripple Payments to fund and settle positions in Asia-Pacific, removing the need for costly pre-funding of local accounts. This is a customer statement in a vendor release; no amounts are given.[5]
Programmable workflows[13]

Treasury teams can set rules in advance, such as "top up the New York account in dollars when it falls below a level", and the network carries out the transfer and currency exchange automatically.

EvidencedMarginalAvailable now

Needs smart contracts

  • Kinexys Digital Payments (blockchain deposit accounts): BMW's German and US treasury teams set rules in advance, and when those conditions were met the network checked balances, topped up accounts and converted euros to dollars between Frankfurt and New York automatically, which J.P. Morgan calls the first fully pre-programmed FX transaction on the service. No amounts were disclosed.[13]
Atomic settlement (DvP and PvP)[16]

Both currencies change hands together (payment versus payment), so neither bank is left having paid without receiving. Shown in BIS tests and on mBridge, but not yet common between different banks' networks.

Theory · high confidenceMeaningfulAs networks grow

Needs counterparties on the ledgerNeeds cash on the ledgerNeeds smart contracts

Real-time transparency and audit trail[9]

Sender and receiver can see where a payment is and when it has arrived, instead of chasing it through several banks. Operators claim this, but no measurement has been published.

Theory · high confidenceMarginalAs networks grow

Needs counterparties on the ledger

Lower operating cost[4]

Fewer hops, less reconciliation and fewer failed payments should lower the cost of sending money abroad, which matters most for small payments where bank fees are highest. No operator has published fee or cost savings yet.

Theory · low confidenceMeaningfulAs networks grow

Needs counterparties on the ledger

Where it is now

51 tracked deployments, 34 live. 5 of 8 benefits evidenced in production.

Announced 3Proof of concept 3Pilot 11Live (limited) 24Live (scaled) 10

The full potential

Cross-border payments are one of the clearest early uses of tokenised money. Several bank networks already move billions of dollars a day this way for their own corporate clients, and stablecoin networks are growing fast from a small base. The bigger prize is a system where any bank can pay any other in seconds, across currencies, at any hour. That needs today's separate networks to connect, and central bank money or equally safe money on the ledger to settle between banks.

  • Interoperability: links between banks' separate tokenised deposit networks, stablecoin chains and existing payment systems, so a payment can cross from one to another
  • Currency exchange liquidity on the ledger, ideally with both currencies swapped in one step, beyond the handful of currencies offered today
  • Central bank money or a safe settlement asset on or linked to the ledger, and longer central bank operating hours
  • Clear and consistent rules across countries for tokenised deposits and stablecoins, including how compliance checks are shared
  • Integration with banks' core systems, which the Agorá prototype did not yet have

Who it suits

Bank, Non-financial company, Fintech or technology firm, Central bank, Market infrastructure (FMI) · effort: medium · one firm can get value on its own

  • Corporates can start by joining a single bank's tokenised deposit service; value is highest for multinationals moving money between their own entities
  • Banks need tokenised deposit capability or membership of a shared network, plus compliance processes that run at any hour
  • Payment firms using stablecoins need licences in each market and local payout partners

Limits and open questions

  • Fragmentation: each bank's network and each stablecoin chain is a separate island. Payments are fast inside one network, but crossing between them can fall back on old rails. Different stablecoins can also trade at slightly different values, which undermines the idea that a dollar is a dollar.[1]
  • Compliance checks are still needed. In the Agorá test, banks completed their checks before submitting payments; tokenisation can share and streamline the checks but does not remove them.[7]
  • Currency exchange remains a constraint. An FSB official lists reliance on FX markets, capital controls and limited payment-versus-payment coverage among the structural challenges, and tokenised networks offer only a few currencies today.[6]
  • "Always on" has gaps. For example, J.P. Morgan notes a weekly three-hour Saturday window when money cannot move between ordinary accounts and its blockchain accounts.[11]
  • Tests are small and not yet joined up with existing systems. The Agorá real-value test moved about CHF 800,000 in 30 payments, and its speed was measured before linking to central bank settlement and banks' core systems.[7]

Regulation that shapes it

Deployments

DeploymentStatusAssetsUse casesLast reviewed
A7A5 rouble stablecoinNew
Old Vector
Live (scaled)Reviewed 13d ago
Circle EURC euro stablecoinUpdated 8 Nov 2026
Circle Mint
Live (scaled)Reviewed 13d ago
Circle USD Coin (USDC)Updated 7 Nov 2026
Circle Mint
Live (scaled)Reviewed 13d ago
Global Dollar (USDG)Updated 7 Nov 2026
Paxos tokenisation platform
Live (scaled)Reviewed 13d ago
Kinexys Digital Payments (blockchain deposit accounts)Updated 8 Nov 2026
Kinexys Digital Payments
Live (scaled)Reviewed 11d ago
PayPal USD (PYUSD)Updated 7 Nov 2026
Paxos tokenisation platform
Live (scaled)Reviewed 13d ago
Ripple Payments cross-border settlementUpdated 7 Nov 2026
Ripple
Live (scaled)Reviewed 1d ago
Ripple USD (RLUSD)Updated 7 Nov 2026
Ripple
Live (scaled)Reviewed 13d ago
United Stables U dollar stablecoinNew
United Stables
Live (scaled)Reviewed 17d ago
XSGD Singapore dollar stablecoinNew
StraitsX stablecoins
Live (scaled)Reviewed 25d ago
AllUnity CHFAU Swiss franc stablecoinNew
AllUnity
Live (limited)Reviewed 21d ago
Anchorpoint HKDAP Hong Kong dollar stablecoinUpdated 8 Nov 2026
Anchorpoint Financial
Live (limited)Reviewed 21d ago
Ant International Whale tokenised treasury settlementUpdated 28 Oct 2026
Ant International
Live (limited)Reviewed 13d ago
BRLA Brazilian real stablecoin (Avenia)New
Avenia
Live (limited)Reviewed 13d ago
Central Bank of Nigeria eNairaNew
Central Bank of Nigeria
Live (limited)Reviewed 13d ago
Circle Payments Network (CPN)Updated 7 Nov 2026
Circle
Live (limited)Reviewed 1d ago
Citi Token Services for CashUpdated 28 Oct 2026
Citi
Live (limited)Reviewed 24d ago
ClearBank Digital Asset RailsNew
ClearBank
Live (limited)Reviewed today
Coins.ph PHPC Philippine peso stablecoinNew
Coins.ph
Live (limited)Reviewed 12d ago
DBS Token ServicesUpdated 7 Nov 2026
DBS
Live (limited)Reviewed 13d ago
DDSC UAE dirham stablecoinNew
ADI Foundation
Live (limited)Reviewed 22d ago
HSBC Tokenised Deposit ServiceUpdated 7 Nov 2026
HSBC
Live (limited)Reviewed 13d ago
JPYSC trust-type yen stablecoin (SBI Shinsei Trust & Banking)Updated 7 Nov 2026
SBI Shinsei Trust & Banking
Live (limited)Reviewed 21d ago
Mastercard stablecoin settlement for issuers, acquirers and merchants
Mastercard
Live (limited)Reviewed 13d ago
MoneyGram USD (MGUSD) stablecoinNew
Open Issuance
Live (limited)Reviewed 17d ago
MoneyGram USDC app and card in Colombia
Crossmint
Live (limited)Reviewed 13d ago
MXNB Mexican peso stablecoin (Juno, Bitso)New
Bitso
Live (limited)Reviewed 21d ago
Partior cross-border clearing and settlementUpdated 8 Nov 2026
Partior
Live (limited)Reviewed 11d ago
PayPal Pay with Crypto for merchantsUpdated 14 Oct 2026
PayPal
Live (limited)Reviewed 13d ago
People's Bank of China digital renminbi (e-CNY)New
People's Bank of China
Live (limited)Reviewed 13d ago
QCAD Canadian dollar stablecoinNew
Stablecorp
Live (limited)Reviewed 24d ago
USDGO stablecoinUpdated 7 Nov 2026
Anchorage Digital stablecoin issuance
Live (limited)Reviewed 25d ago
Visa stablecoin settlement for issuers and acquirersUpdated 28 Oct 2026
Visa
Live (limited)Reviewed 11d ago
Western Union USDPT stablecoinUpdated 7 Nov 2026
Anchorage Digital stablecoin issuance
Live (limited)Reviewed 11d ago
AllUnity SEKAU Swedish krona stablecoinNew
AllUnity
PilotReviewed 17d ago
ANZ A$DC Australian dollar stablecoinNew
ANZ
PilotReviewed 13d ago
BIS Project AgoráUpdated 28 Oct 2026
Bank for International Settlements
PilotReviewed 24d ago
BLOOM (Borderless, Liquid, Open, Online, Multi-currency)New
Monetary Authority of Singapore
PilotReviewed 1d ago
Central Bank of the UAE Digital Dirham pilotNew
Central Bank of the UAE
PilotReviewed 22d ago
Hazel Network (Avit tokenised deposits)New
Avit
PilotReviewed 24d ago
Maybank tokenised deposit pilot for cross-border corporate paymentsNew
Maybank
PilotReviewed 13d ago
mBridge multi-CBDC cross-border payments platformUpdated 7 Nov 2026
mBridge participating central banks
PilotReviewed 11d ago
Reserve Bank of India wholesale digital rupee (e₹-W) pilotNew
Reserve Bank of India
PilotReviewed 13d ago
Swift blockchain ledger for tokenised deposit paymentsUpdated 17 Oct 2026
Swift
PilotReviewed 24d ago
U.S. Bank USBDC stablecoin pilotNew
U.S. Bank
PilotReviewed 24d ago
LSEG Digital Settlement House (DiSH)Updated 7 Nov 2026
London Stock Exchange Group
Proof of conceptReviewed 24d ago
Mastercard Multi-Token Network (MTN)Updated 6 Nov 2026
Mastercard
Proof of conceptReviewed 24d ago
MUFG, SMBC and Mizuho jointly issued yen stablecoinUpdated 28 Oct 2026
Progmat
Proof of conceptReviewed 13d ago
JPM Coin (JPMD) on the Canton Network
Kinexys Digital Payments
AnnouncedReviewed 24d ago
Wells Fargo tokenised depositsNew
Wells Fargo
AnnouncedReviewed 13d ago
Zand AED (AEDZ) dirham stablecoinNew
Taurus
AnnouncedReviewed 13d ago

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Sources

  1. [1]Annual Economic Report 2025, Chapter III: The next-generation monetary and financial system — Bank for International Settlements, 29 Jun 2025. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.A
  2. [2]G20 Targets for Enhancing Cross-border Payments — Financial Stability Board. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.A
  3. [3]FSB calls for enhanced policy implementation to achieve tangible improvements in cross-border payments — Financial Stability Board, 9 Oct 2025. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.A
  4. [4]Remittance Prices Worldwide, Issue 51 — World Bank, Sep 2024. Accessed 12 Oct 2026. Later issues report a global average of about 6.4% in 2025, but could not be opened (access blocked)..A
  5. [5]Ripple Redefines Payments with End-to-End Stablecoin Platform and Global Customer Momentum — Ripple, 3 Mar 2026. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.B
  6. [6]Cross-border payments: towards the next chapter (remarks by Martin Moloney) — Financial Stability Board, 8 Jul 2026. Accessed 12 Oct 2026. Speaker's own views, not necessarily those of the FSB..A
  7. [7]Project Agorá — BIS Innovation Hub, 2026. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.A
  8. [8]Siemens and B2C2 complete onchain FX payments on Kinexys Digital Payments — J.P. Morgan, 22 Oct 2025. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.B
  9. [9]Emirates NBD Enables The Region's First Real-Time Blockchain-Based Cross-Border USD Payments on Partior Network — Partior, 14 Jul 2026. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.B
  10. [10]Citi Token Services Expands Global Footprint Into Japan and UAE — Citi, 28 Sep 2026. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.B
  11. [11]KB Kookmin Bank launches import/export payment service on Kinexys blockchain deposit accounts — J.P. Morgan, 2 Sep 2026. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.B
  12. [12]HSBC expands Tokenized Deposit Service to the United States — HSBC, 13 Apr 2026. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.B
  13. [13]BMW executes programmable FX transaction on Kinexys — J.P. Morgan, 9 Dec 2025. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.B
  14. [14]Visa Launches Stablecoin Settlement in the United States, Marking a Breakthrough for Stablecoin Integration — Visa, 16 Dec 2025. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.B
  15. [15]Circle Payments Network (CPN) mainnet is here: advancing mainstream stablecoin payments globally — Circle, 21 May 2025. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.B
  16. [16]Project Agorá: a shared programmable platform for wholesale cross-border payments — Bank for International Settlements, 27 May 2026. Accessed 12 Oct 2026.A